Research

Killer Stories: Pick Your Poison

grim reaperIf you’re a crime writer, a mystery novelist, or you just need to bump off a character without violence or bloodshed, using poison might be your cup of tea…or maybe in their cup of tea.

Sometimes writers think it’s easy to just pick out any poison and use it to kill off their characters…but it’s not that simple. Some poisons work more slowly while others are almost instantaneous; some have strong flavors or don’t dissolve in liquid; some are more easily accessible than others. And that just scratches the surface.

The point is that you need to do some research to make sure the poison you choose works in your scenario.

What doesn’t work…

Say you pop a belladonna berry into your character’s smoothie, then have him thrashing about in agony before blood spurts from his mouth in a final gruesome death scene. Well, there’s one problem with that – small amounts of diluted belladonna are actually used for medicinal purposes and wouldn’t cause death, let alone a dramatically violent death.

Or maybe your character lives in the northeastern US and you have her picking wild sneezeweed in a city park. The problem is that sneezeweed only grows naturally in portions of the western US and only at certain elevations.

So as you can see, you need research to make your story believable.

How to make it work…

Research, plain and simple. But be careful of your sources because some websites haven’t double- and triple-checked their information – they’re just taking the first thing they come across as gospel, and some of that comes from forum discussions where “facts” are debated and debatable. Find reputable sources and double- or triple-check that information.

Here are a few sites we’ve found helpful:

~ Encyclopedia.com – just put in the name of the poison orpoison hemlock poisonous plant you’re interested in, and you’ll find out everything from where it’s grown to how it works.

~ Some gardening websites, like Gardening Know How.

~ Poison Control: lists common and dangerous poisons.

~ USDA has an entire section on poisonous plants.

~ ListVerse: 10 Poisons Used To Kill People.

~ Earth-Kind Landscaping: lists common poisonous plants AND the parts of each plant that are toxic.

There are others, of course, but these can get you started.

One word of caution – always, always double check (at the very least) information you get from Wikipedia. Wiki entries can be modified by just about anyone, so you never know if the information you’re getting is 100% accurate.

Better Safe Than Sued: Lyric Legalities

One of the most common issues we advise our clients about is the legality of using lyrics in their writing. Lyrics are extremely tempting to use in books because they set a tone, express a feeling, create atmosphere and convey a message everyone can relate to. But good writing can do the same thing, and you don’t need someone else’s words to do it.

Straight and simple, the fact is this: it’s plagiarism to use copyrighted material in your book, and that includes song lyrics – even just one line of a song. Someone wrote those words and published them, just like authors write and publish books, and they get royalties from them. I’m sure you wouldn’t “borrow” a page from a JK Rowling novel without expecting to get sued, right? Song lyrics are the same thing, only instead of an entire paragraph or page of someone else’s writing, you’re borrowing the equivalent (because songs are shorter) – a line or a stanza.

But wait, this can’t apply to ME
One of the arguments indie authors typically use is, “I’m an indie author, chances are they’ll never see my book.” Well, first of all, today’s indie author can become tomorrow’s in-demand bestseller – it’s happened before.

Second, you never know who’s going to read your book, and you don’t know who knows whom, so there’s always a chance that the copyright holder will hear about your infringement…and sometimes there’s more than one copyright holder.

But THEY did it!
Another argument from indie authors is, “But other people do it. I’ve seen it in books before.” If you’ve seen it in a traditionally published book, then the publishing company got the copyright information they needed and did whatever was necessary to use the lyrics, possibly including paying for permissions. You won’t necessarily find a trace in the book of how they acquired the rights to the lyrics – it all depends on the instructions from the copyright holder. If you’ve seen it in an indie book, then more than likely they’ve been lucky…so far.

How do you know if a song is under copyright protection?
If it was published after 1978, you can go to www.copyright.gov to find out, otherwise you should check with either the US Copyright Office, Broadcast Music, Inc. or the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers. Lyrics that are in the public domain, which typically include those published before 1923, are no longer under copyright unless someone has purchased the rights to them. Never assume that lyrics are free from copyright just because they’re old.

Getting permission from a song’s copyright holder can be tough; the copyright holder can be the song writer, publisher, record label, an estate…there’s any number of people or companies that can hold the rights to lyrics. Not only can it be difficult, but it can also be quite pricey, which typically isn’t worth it. (Although there are some copyright holders who will allow writers to use their lyrics in exchange for credit and/or links to their music, giving credit never overrides permission.)

So what’s a better way?
Easy – write your own lyrics. You’re a writer, not a composer, you say? Well that’s okay because you don’t have to worry about your lyrics fitting into a tune. Many indie authors have opted on the side of safety and written their own lyrics for their books. You can write words with the same meaning, feeling and to portray the same ambiance as the lyrics you want to use, but these will be your own and safe from a copyright infringement suit.

Still considering using lyrics or have some questions? Here are a few sites where you can get more information:

Galley Cat’s Book Biz
Writer’s Digest
Jane Friedman

Related post: Celebrities Are Off Limits. Here’s Why.

Dissecting The Fine Print: Premade Book Covers

There’s no question that authors can save a lot of money by buying premade book covers for their books rather than hiring a designer to custom-make a cover. But there’s a lot of “fine print” – that annoying agreement that really needs to be read before you sign on the dotted line. Because in some cases, that fine print may have clauses that are unacceptable to you – after all, every author’s needs and level of acceptance is different.

So we checked out several different online sources that offer premade book covers, and we’re going to highlight some things in their agreements that illustrate why you need to read each agreement carefully before you hit “accept”. (We’re not going to list the names of these websites or companies because agreement conditions can change at any time, and not all companies have all of the same conditions.) Again, it’s up to you to decide whether a company’s conditions are acceptable to you.

Okay, let’s go.

Sign before you save. Yes, that’s right – not sign before you buy, you need to sign their full purchase agreement in order to save covers that you’re interested in on their site. Now, it makes sense that you’d need to open a basic account in order to save your selections in one place so you can come back and make a decision, but it was a little unusual to have to sign the full agreement just to create an account. On the up side, you don’t have to pay anything and it doesn’t say you’re obligated to buy from them, but you do have to read the entire agreement just to save your selections.

Limited book sales. Sometimes companies limit how many books can be sold when you purchase a cover before you have to pay more money. For example, one company’s agreement states that if you use one of their stock images and sell over 250,000 copies – a combined total of both print and e-books – you must pay an additional licensing fee, which could be ongoing or one-time.

In some cases, illustrated covers are handled differently than stock image covers. Also, it’s your responsibility to notify the company when your sales reach that magic number.

Each cover is original and sold only once…butBut that can be a relatively loose statement when dealing with stock images. Because “original” is a relative term. We found a number of cases where the same cover – the exact same image – was being sold more than once because it had slightly different lighting…very slightly different. But that was enough to consider each one “original”.

In other cases, the same background was used multiple times with different colorings or with a different person in the foreground, or a woman’s gown was a different color – you get the idea. Also, if another company uses the same stock photos in the exact same way, well, that’s permissible.

Some other things to check out:

  • Is the price limited to ebook or does it include print?
  • Does the print price include a back and spine if you want one now or later? Is there a limit to the amount of time you can wait before ordering the back and spine?
  • Does the company offer immediate downloads of the cover?
  • Can you change the font style, size or color?
  • Check whether the website or artist requires copyright credit and how that credit should be given – better safe than sued.
  • Some companies offer social media exposure or permanent exposure on their site with a link to where your book can be purchased – a definitely plus!

So the takeaway is that yes, premade book covers can save you lots of money and you can find some great stuff out there, but you definitely need to check through the selections, read the fine print and FAQs carefully, and if you don’t see the answer to your question or the answer is too general, ask before signing or buying.

Authentic Writing: Writers’ Resources For US Military References

Writers, do you believe your readers won’t notice misinformation in your fiction? Think there are no fact checkers out there? You’d be wrong.Military research sources online

Your writing is read by people with all types of backgrounds and experiences – both personal and professional. When a novel deals with or even lightly touches on issues with the military or government, some things are open to creative license, but others need to be accurate. This includes things like abbreviations, reference styles, phrasing, rank capitalizations, terminology and more.

Here’s a list of resources (as of the writing of this post) we’ve compiled to help you get the facts you need to keep those parts of your novel beyond reproach; we’ll add to it as we discover new sites.

Air Force Communications Resource, Tongue and Quill: http://static.e-publishing.af.mil/production/1/saf_cio_a6/publication/afh33-337/afh33-337.pdf
Handbook that covers all aspects of communication including government information resources (helpful for authors!).

Air Force Official Memorandum: http://www.airforcewriter.com/officialmemorandum.htm
Sample of an official Air Force memorandum, including references and style.

Army Correspondence Manual:
http://www.g8.army.mil/references/AR25_50.pdf
Detailed manual for preparing and managing all types of correspondence in the US Army

Department of Defense: http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/511004m_v2.pdf
Communications manual covering forms of address, salutations, closings, how to address members of the government (Congress, senators, etc.) and enlisted military personnel of all levels, ranks and their abbreviations, and more.

Marine Corps Correspondence Manual: http://www.marines.mil/Portals/59/MCO%205216.20B.pdf
Includes capitalization, punctuation, abbreviation, military grades and organizations and much more to be used in Marine correspondence.

National Geographic Style Manual: Military Ranks:
http://stylemanual.natgeo.com/home/M/military-ranks
Abbreviations, capitalization, and other standardizations of military rank references, including links to other branches of US armed forces.

National Guard Bureau Manual: http://www.ngbpdc.ngb.army.mil/pubs/CNGBI/CNGBM5051_01_20130516.pdf
Manual for editorial guidance and document preparation including preferred word usage, acronyms, abbreviations, style and more.

Navy Correspondence Manual: http://www.marforres.marines.mil/Portals/116/Docs/G-1/AAU/AAUDocuments/CORRESPONDENCE%20MANUAL.pdf
Detailed manual with everything you need to know about how correspondence is phrased, formatted, abbreviations used, etc. by the US Department of the Navy.

Notre Dame Editorial Style Guide:
http://marcomm.nd.edu/resources/style-guide/
Preferred style and terminology for Notre Dame media and publications.

US Government Publishing Office:
https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GPO-STYLEMANUAL-2008/content-detail.html
Style manual with the rules of form and style used for government printing.

West Point Style Guide:
http://www.usma.edu/dsi/SiteAssets/USMA_styleguide(10-02-2014)-WEB.pdf
Insignia, marks, terminology, typeface, heraldry, colors, publication design standards and more for West Point.

—AND—

AP Stylebook for Military Titles:
http://apstylebook.blogspot.com/2009/05/military-titles.html
List of military titles that includes rules for capitalization, abbreviation, order of reference and more for all branches of the military according to AP style.

Let us know in the comments if you know of any other helpful government or military reference sites!

Quick Research Hack: Tips for Fiction and Nonfiction Writers

Most of the time when we do an online search on any topic, the result is a listing of thousands of websites, many of which are useless because either the site or content has no clear basis in real facts. Sifting through all those search results looking for reliable content is extremely time consuming, but there’s a way to narrow those results down to exactly what you want.

Government sites: [your topic] site:.govSearch-Engine
Education sites: [your topic] site:.edu
PDFs: [your topic] filetype:pdf

Notice that the last one for PDFs does not use a dot (.) before the “pdf” – if you put in the dot, you won’t get any results.

This is helpful for all types of fiction writers, from historical fiction to literary fiction, who want to root their storylines or even a small portion of their story in fact. It’s especially important if you use anything real, like a town, religion, government, illness, food – you can read more about why this is important in my upcoming post, “Keeping It Real”.

If you know of some other great research hacks, please share them with fellow writers in the comments below!

Happy (and efficient) researching!

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